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Did Life have a Second Genesis on Mars? If so, then Life may be Common throughout Universe, Manned Mission to Mars implies $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion), Manned Mission to Mars implies Many Risks, Outward journey involve Precise Launch Dates, Loss of bone mass could be up to 20 %, Possible Toxic concentrations of mineral substances such as Hexavalent chromiun, Shielding from Space Radiation, Travel through Space of 75 to 380 millions of km., $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) may require International Collaboration, Dust may contain Possible Toxic concentrations of mineral substances, Psychological problems such as Depression, Psychological problems such as Anxiety, Loss of bone mass could produce Risks of bone fractures (Osteoporosis), Loss of bone mass could produce Formation of gall bladder stones, Long Mission includes Travel through Space, Travel through Space is Coasting Phase, Outward journey entails Confinement, Search for Evidence of Past/Present Life on Mars is issue of Enormous Scientific Value, Long Mission requires Highly Reliable Spaceship , Long Mission requires Highly trained crew, Microorganisms in latent states would be of Enormous Scientific Value, Water could be extracted from Ground Ice in Subsurface, Microorganisms in latent states could tell us Did Life have a Second Genesis on Mars?, Manned Mission to Mars would be Historic Step in Mankind's Evolution, Highly trained crew must be prepared for Confinement, Martian environment is not fully shielded from Space Radiation, Confinement produces Psychological problems, Trade-offs e.g. Extensive Robotic Exploration, Oxygen could be extracted from Martian Atmosphere, Biological Hazard on Earth must be avoided through Rigorous Planetary Protection Protocols, Travel through Space needs enough Food, Travel through Space needs enough Water, Travel through Space needs enough Oxygen, $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) should consider Trade-offs, $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) should consider Optimum Combination of Human and Robotic Elements, Dust must not enter Habitat, Manned Mission to Mars would speed up Search for Evidence of Past/Present Life on Mars, Martian environment is characterized by Temperatures below 0 �C, Martian environment is characterized by Dust, Precise Launch Dates depend on Aligment Mars-Earth, Return trip involve Precise Launch Dates, Highly trained crew requires New designs for spacesuits, Highly trained crew requires Nuclear Reactor Surface Power, Highly trained crew requires High Bandwidth Communication with Earth, Extensive Robotic Exploration are Highly productive, Highly Reliable Spaceship needs Advanced Propulsion, Highly Reliable Spaceship needs Highly trained crew, Long Mission requires Shielding, Long Mission requires Zero Gravity Countermeasures, Return trip entails Confinement, Zero Gravity Countermeasures would ideally include Artificial Gravity Spacecraft, Long Mission needs enough Food, Long Mission needs enough Water, Long Mission needs enough Oxygen, Loss of bone mass will help avoid Organ swelling, Many Risks occur during Long Mission, Microorganisms in latent states can become Biological Hazard on Earth, Zero Gravity Countermeasures will help avoid Loss of bone mass, Zero Gravity Countermeasures will help avoid Organ swelling, $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) for Highly Reliable Spaceship , Enormous Scientific Value in particular Did Life have a Second Genesis on Mars?, Long Mission includes Return trip, Long Mission includes The Landed Mission, Long Mission includes Outward journey, The Landed Mission entails Confinement, Long Mission would take +/- 3 years, Space Radiation produces Cataracts, Space Radiation produces Genetic Damage, Space Radiation produces Cancer, Martian environment could have Microorganisms in latent states, $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) for Advanced Propulsion, $ High Monetary Cost $ ( $= 100 Billion) for Highly Reliable Spaceship , The Landed Mission must take account of Martian environment