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Respiratory System, 1. Nasal Cavity paired chambers bony/cartilaginous septum each w/ 3 regions a. vestibule-strat squam epith hairs prevent large matter b. resp. segment-resp epith pseudostrat ciliated col. epith goblet cells lam prop att. to periosteum very vasc.-get air close to body temp. become engorged/leaky w/ allergy/virus lam prop distends-breathing difficult contains mucus glands&serous demilunes demilunes secrete lysozyme medial wall-nasal septum lateral wall-3 conchae/turbinates cause turbulence, eddies c. olfactory segment-olfactory epith over cm^2 olf.cells-bipolar neurons, olf. vesicle on apex vesicle w/ immotile cilia-w/ olf. receptors basal end-axon, penetrate cribiform plate synapse in olf. bulb can regenerate sustentacular cells-mech&metabolic support of olf. sensory cells-like glial cells basal cells-mitotic, renew sens/susten cells brush cells-general sensory cells, CN V innerv transduce touch from olf. epith also in resp epith pseudostrat w/out goblet, w/ brush cells ???? 2. Nasopharynx-above soft palate, behind (1) pharynx-post. to nasal/oral cavities lined by resp epith contains pharyngeal tonsil, 4. Trachea-short tub. structure-4 layers 1" dia, 5" long-larynx to mid-thorax a. mucosa-pseudostrat cil. col. epith like resp epith, w/ goblet, brush cells small granule cells-like enteroendo cells basal cells-repopulate epith cilia move mucus up to oropharynx thick bsmt memb-dense coll. fibers lots of elastic in lam prop-loose CT with mast, plasma cells, macrophages lymphatics too elastic fiber band separate from submuc b. submuc-more dense CT, mucous glands, serous demilunes, CT blends w/ perichond. c. cartilaginous-hyaline cart. 16-20 C-shaped carts for flexibility/patency att. to trachealis m on post side d. adventitia-anchoring CT w/ n/a/v/L ???? Metaplasia-change from resp. epith to strat squam due to insult less motile cilia->coughing coughing->fewer ciliated cells, more squamous ->squam cell carcinoma poss., 3. Larynx lam prop w/ laryngeal cartilages thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid carts. -keep larynx open a. epiglottis-elastic cart. core pharynx to rim of larynx lingual surface-strat. squam epi laryngeal surface-pseudostrat col lam prop w/ serous&mucous glands b. false vocal folds-vestibular folds upper pair of folds pseudostrat col. epith serous glands in lam prop c. true vocal folds-close when swallowing lower pair of folds strat squam epith-last place vocal ligas-|| elastic fiber bundles vocalis muscles-|| to vocal ligas sk. mm. innerve by CN X (vagus) ???? 4. Trachea-short tub. structure-4 layers 1" dia, 5" long-larynx to mid-thorax a. mucosa-pseudostrat cil. col. epith like resp epith, w/ goblet, brush cells small granule cells-like enteroendo cells basal cells-repopulate epith cilia move mucus up to oropharynx thick bsmt memb-dense coll. fibers lots of elastic in lam prop-loose CT with mast, plasma cells, macrophages lymphatics too elastic fiber band separate from submuc b. submuc-more dense CT, mucous glands, serous demilunes, CT blends w/ perichond. c. cartilaginous-hyaline cart. 16-20 C-shaped carts for flexibility/patency att. to trachealis m on post side d. adventitia-anchoring CT w/ n/a/v/L, 2. Alveoli-300 mill in lung increase surface area 3. alv. duct-no walls, just alveoli alv. sacs-spaces surr by alv. clusters alv. epith-Type I, II pneumocytes (alv. cells) Type I-95%, thin, squam, tight jcns Type II-secretory cells, cub cells contain lamellar bodies w/ surfactant reduce surface tension at air interface alv. septum-sufactant, alv. epith, its basal lam, basal lam of cap, cap. endoth. cells all make up air-blood barrier alv. macrophages(dust cells)-*in air spaces and CT* remove inhaled particulates, cilia pushes mucus up swallowed or expectorated at pharynx or stay in septal CT for life -monocyte derivs ???? Resp. Distress Syndrome -no surfactant in infants->alveoli collapse Congestive Heart Failure -lungs can be congested by blood damaged caps, RBCs forced into alv -alv. macrophages phag. RBCs contain hemosiderin (Fe pigment) -macs called heart failure cells Pneumonia-any immune def. can lead to... -can be caused by immotile cilia -leukocytes (neutro) in alv. spaces -fibrin network can develop -no room for air, 5. Bronchi 1° bronchi outside lungs sim to trachea struc-cart. rings, not Cs into lungs-cart not rings, but irreg plates 5 layers of wall mucosa-sim to trachea, bsmt memb not as thick muscularis-continuous sm. m. submucosa-CT w/ glands, adipose tissue cart. layer-rings then irreg. plates, smaller adventitia-kinda dense CT continuous w/ surr. ???? 6. Bronchioles 1mm or less in dia resp epith becomes simple ciliated col. epith goblet cells only in larger br'oles thick sm m replaces cart.-NO CARTILAGE NO subepith. glands Clara cells-1st found in br'oles secrete surface active material-lipoprotein prevent adhesion of adj. walls 7. Terminal br'oles-smallest br'oles that conduct, 4. Trachea-short tub. structure-4 layers 1" dia, 5" long-larynx to mid-thorax a. mucosa-pseudostrat cil. col. epith like resp epith, w/ goblet, brush cells small granule cells-like enteroendo cells basal cells-repopulate epith cilia move mucus up to oropharynx thick bsmt memb-dense coll. fibers lots of elastic in lam prop-loose CT with mast, plasma cells, macrophages lymphatics too elastic fiber band separate from submuc b. submuc-more dense CT, mucous glands, serous demilunes, CT blends w/ perichond. c. cartilaginous-hyaline cart. 16-20 C-shaped carts for flexibility/patency att. to trachealis m on post side d. adventitia-anchoring CT w/ n/a/v/L ???? Kartagener's Syndrome-immotile cilia syndrome absence of dynein arms in cilia, so microtubs can't move past each other With immotile cilia, mucus & pollutants can't be pushed up-leads to pneumonia Alcohol->decreases cilia mvmt->pneumonia, 1. Resp. Bronchioles 1st part of tree w/ gas exchange simple cub. epith ciliated & Clara cells, then mostly Clara outpouchings-alveoli ???? 2. Alveoli-300 mill in lung increase surface area 3. alv. duct-no walls, just alveoli alv. sacs-spaces surr by alv. clusters alv. epith-Type I, II pneumocytes (alv. cells) Type I-95%, thin, squam, tight jcns Type II-secretory cells, cub cells contain lamellar bodies w/ surfactant reduce surface tension at air interface alv. septum-sufactant, alv. epith, its basal lam, basal lam of cap, cap. endoth. cells all make up air-blood barrier alv. macrophages(dust cells)-*in air spaces and CT* remove inhaled particulates, cilia pushes mucus up swallowed or expectorated at pharynx or stay in septal CT for life -monocyte derivs, Conducting Portion 2 major fcns 1.carry air to/from lungs 2.warmen, moisten, clean air 7 parts ???? 1. Nasal Cavity paired chambers bony/cartilaginous septum each w/ 3 regions a. vestibule-strat squam epith hairs prevent large matter b. resp. segment-resp epith pseudostrat ciliated col. epith goblet cells lam prop att. to periosteum very vasc.-get air close to body temp. become engorged/leaky w/ allergy/virus lam prop distends-breathing difficult contains mucus glands&serous demilunes demilunes secrete lysozyme medial wall-nasal septum lateral wall-3 conchae/turbinates cause turbulence, eddies c. olfactory segment-olfactory epith over cm^2 olf.cells-bipolar neurons, olf. vesicle on apex vesicle w/ immotile cilia-w/ olf. receptors basal end-axon, penetrate cribiform plate synapse in olf. bulb can regenerate sustentacular cells-mech&metabolic support of olf. sensory cells-like glial cells basal cells-mitotic, renew sens/susten cells brush cells-general sensory cells, CN V innerv transduce touch from olf. epith also in resp epith pseudostrat w/out goblet, w/ brush cells, 1. Nasal Cavity paired chambers bony/cartilaginous septum each w/ 3 regions a. vestibule-strat squam epith hairs prevent large matter b. resp. segment-resp epith pseudostrat ciliated col. epith goblet cells lam prop att. to periosteum very vasc.-get air close to body temp. become engorged/leaky w/ allergy/virus lam prop distends-breathing difficult contains mucus glands&serous demilunes demilunes secrete lysozyme medial wall-nasal septum lateral wall-3 conchae/turbinates cause turbulence, eddies c. olfactory segment-olfactory epith over cm^2 olf.cells-bipolar neurons, olf. vesicle on apex vesicle w/ immotile cilia-w/ olf. receptors basal end-axon, penetrate cribiform plate synapse in olf. bulb can regenerate sustentacular cells-mech&metabolic support of olf. sensory cells-like glial cells basal cells-mitotic, renew sens/susten cells brush cells-general sensory cells, CN V innerv transduce touch from olf. epith also in resp epith pseudostrat w/out goblet, w/ brush cells ???? Nasal Polyps-edemal fluid clogs sinuses contains lym'cytes, eosinophils could be due to sinusitis, 6. Bronchioles 1mm or less in dia resp epith becomes simple ciliated col. epith goblet cells only in larger br'oles thick sm m replaces cart.-NO CARTILAGE NO subepith. glands Clara cells-1st found in br'oles secrete surface active material-lipoprotein prevent adhesion of adj. walls 7. Terminal br'oles-smallest br'oles that conduct ???? Chron. Obstructive. Pulm Disease Emphysema-narrowing of bronchioles results in dilation of distal air spaces alv walls destroyed, gas exchange impaired collapse dilated portion Cystic Fibrosis-in children, young adults autosomal recessive, (+) viscosity of all exo. gland secretions->obstructs bronchioles bronchial walls thicken (fibrose) most lethal autosomal in Cauc. (1/25000 bir) defect in Cl- channel protein