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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: COPD final version, Pulmonary HTN Cor Pulmonale, hypoventilation occurs leading to hypoxemia and hypercapnia complications, treatments diuretics to reduce edema, Primary: inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency leads to abnormal release of proteolytic enzymes, or secondary: environmental irritants lead to abnormal release of proteolytic enzymes enzymatic digestion of bronchiolar septa, elastic tissue, and capillary beds, Oximetry O2 sat in COPD may be as low as 91% My patients baseline is 93%, bronchodilators Albuterol given by the respiratory therapist, 78 year old female with COPD and chronic respiratory insufficiency Pathophysiology, 78 year old female with COPD and chronic respiratory insufficiency treatments, inhaled irritants from the environment causes inflammation in the airways Inflammation leads to increased mucus production, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous glands., pharmacological bronchodilators, cigarette smoking, My patient quit several years ago. Smoke triggers excessive amounts of elastase protease which breaks down elastin. a major component of alveoli, S/Sx dyspnea, hypoxia, hypoxemia, Increased residual air volume and decreased caliber of the bronchioles airtrapping during each inspiration leads to coughing. Hyperexpansion of the chest and increased workoad of respiratory muscles, treatments pharmacological, Cor Pulmonale Right Heart Failure, emphysema Primary: inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency leads to abnormal release of proteolytic enzymes, or secondary: environmental irritants lead to abnormal release of proteolytic enzymes, Diagnostic Tests Arterial Blood Gases, exposure to dust or toxic gases; and airpollution allergies, treatments physical therapy and oxygen therapy recieving 1LPM trach tube., Diagnostic Tests Chest x-ray