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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: antimicrobials group 1, Basic pharmacodynamics classes AMINOGYCOSIDES, ANTIMICROBIALS ???? Antimicrobials are different chemical compounds that kill (microbicidal action) or suppress the growth or replication of pathogenic or non-pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans. The history of antimicrobial preparations traces back in the beginning of 19th century when Louis Pasteur observed that some of microorganisms may suppress the growth and development of other microorganisms. He found that an airbone bacillus can inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Lately this phenomen was called antibiosis. Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms and is usually characterized by antogonism of one organism and the metabolic substances produced by another microorganism. In 1942 year the substances produced by certain microorganism which kill or suppress the growth of another microorganisms were called antibiotics by an American microbiologist Selman Waksman. Currently, the term antibiotic refers to any medical preparations that is used to treat bacterial infection., Common Diseases and Treatment Mastitis treatment of clinical mastitis: -during lactation -subclinical mastitis -at the end of lactation, Chemical Make-up Beta-lactams, Resistance Methods of Resistance, long acting banzathine cephapirin benzathine cloxacillin Sustained release erythromycin novobiocin penicillin antibiotics in milk Food Safety Hazards Sensitivity and allergic reactions Bacterial resistance to antibiotics Food Quality Hazards Inhibit bacterial activity in cheese/yoghurt Other Hazards Image/reputation Financial consequences, the organism infects pulmonary macrophages so the antimicrobial must be able to reach intracellular sites. This should be distinguished (in your mind) from diseases where we (attempt to) "penetrate abcess with antimicrobials". Drug Selection erythromycin + rifampin (current combination of choice) both are active against organism. Both reach intracellular site and the combination is synergistic. Other drugs: azithromycin, clarithromycin, enrofloxacin (despite the possibility of cartilage injury)., ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS includes Antibacterials (antibiotics), Narrow Gram staining, Broad ???? Gram staining, FACTORS AFFECTING USE therapeutic plan, Basic pharmacodynamics classes PENICILLINS, Pharmacodynamics consists of resistance mechanism, Common isolates - E. coli, Klebsiella, Pasteurella spp., Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Streptococcus Diagnostics - cytology of aspirate (gram stain of bacteria), culture and sensitivity report (prognosis and contingency) ???? Drug Selection- should be based on gram stain of exudates where possible, if not, select drug with good gram negative activity, Antibacterials (antibiotics) can be classified according to: Chemical Make-up, FACTORS AFFECTING USE professional intervention, table factors to consider table 2, Basic pharmacodynamics classes CEPHALOSPORIN, Pharmacodynamics consists of toxicity, Basic pharmacodynamics classes MACROLIDES