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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Pain Management and CRI final.cmap, consists of ???? PAIN, Supportive therapy includes Soft bedding, NSAIDS consists of new developments, Inhibit cyclooxygenase (more selective for Cox-2) Is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory An example is etodolac (Etogesic®), which has the benefit of once-a-day dosing etodolac Etodolac is approved only for canine use officially and was designed for long-term use in dogs. Do not use this medication in any cat. At this time, use of NSAIDs in cats is limited to meloxicam and long-term use is not approved by the FDA., Inhibits cyclooxygenase Used in cattle and horses (most common) for musculoskeletal and colic pain Is a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Extereme caution in small animals more info used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock, Etodolac is approved only for canine use officially and was designed for long-term use in dogs. Do not use this medication in any cat. At this time, use of NSAIDs in cats is limited to meloxicam and long-term use is not approved by the FDA. side effects stomach ulceration, loss of kidney function, and inappropriate bleeding, though etodolac has a special side effect of concern: dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). These side effects are dependent on the dose of medication used and on risk factors of the host (for example: an aged pet may not efficiently clear a dose of medication from its body, leading to stronger and longer activity of the drug)., After major surgery recommend Continue analgesic administration for 36-72 hours Combination therapy Opioid NSAID Local analgesia, Morphine, Lidocaine, Ketamine ???? Infusion Rate Guide, Using drugs eg. NSAIDs, use in dogs and cats off label, PAIN consists of assesment, NSAIDS consists of MOA, CRI Pros, NSAIDs Types of NSAIDs Pyrazolone derivatives, Steroids Example Glucocorticoid Use and effects, Pre-emptive Pain Scoring System ???? Mild Pain, MLK Morphine, Lidocaine, Ketamine, Block both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase Examples include ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, and naproxen (the –fen drugs) Side effects include gastrointestinal problems and possible liver toxicities eg. advil,ketofen 10%, rimadyl, Inhibit cyclooxygenase Are analgesics and anti-inflammatories eg Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid (Arquel), A preemptive approach involves Rx Prior to stimulus Minimizes likelihood of chronic pain Pain is easier to prevent than to alleviate (windup) e.q. premed opiods, NSAIDS, Alpha 2 agonists, local blocks, epidurals