WHY DECISION-MAKING MATTERS IN POLITICAL MEASURES individuals may be internally conflicted about political matters: Hochschild, 1981 irrelevant factors play a role in perceptions and decision process: Schuman and Presser 1981 Kahneman et al. 1982 Molenaar 1982 Converse and Presser 1986 Petty et al. 1987 Political thinking revolves around 'heuristics': Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989 Tversky & Kahneman, 1974 attitudinal considerations do not always exist independently in the mind and instead change their weight and meaning in order to fit with the most coherent group of considerations Spellman and Holyoak, 1993 Shultz & Lepper, 1995 Holyoak & Simon, 1999 framing works through memory-based processes: Nelson and Willey 2001 Lupia 1994 Magleby 1984 heuristic decision-making: Popkin Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock Lodge and McGraw citizens' inability to understand and resolve goal conflicts: Buchanan and Wagner 1977 Citrin 1979 Free and Cantril 1967 Ladd 1979 Modigliani and Modigliani 1987 Mueller 1963 Sears and Citrin 1982 Welch 1985 and Wilson 1983