EFFECTS OF MISINFORMATION

strong partisans more likely to be misinformed than weak partisans, and more likely to reject correct factual info:
Kuklinski et al. 2000

quality of information environment should be high as long as information is diffuse and competitive:
Page and Shapiro 1992
Mill 1947 [1859]
Key 1961

frames may reduce the likelihood of critical debate:
Dorman & Livingston, 1994

Voting behavior is significantly affected by information of the electorate; at the individual and the aggregate levels, information "deviates in significant and politically consequential ways from the projected behavior of a 'fully informed' electorate" (195).  Uninformed voters can use cues and information shortcuts to vote as if they were more fully informed, however they will vote significantly 'less well' than they would if they truly were fully informed; "[P]olitical ignorance has systematic and significant political consequences" (220).
--BARTELS 1996

citizens are able to adaptively develop cognitive methods of judgment, and most of the time their judgments will be 'pretty good' even if there is a lack of full information at the time of the judgment.  Voters, therefore, may not have full information on policy issues  and candidates, but despite this lack of information they still 'vote correctly.'
--LAU 1997