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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Gastrointestinal System, Organs and Functions anus - internal & external sphincter - feces & flatus expelled, Organs and Functions mouth - mechanical & chemical breakdown of nutrients, Organs and Functions large intestine - aids in absorption, secretion & elimination - divided into three segments - cecum, colon, & rectum, Care - Whenever possible, have client in proper position to promote normal defecation - Encourage adequate fluid and food intake - Encourage activity - Provide privacy - Provide medications as ordered, Assessment rectum - inspect anus for lesions, discolorations, inflammation & hemorrhoids - fecal color, smell, texture & consistency, Gastrointestinal System Organs and Functions, Organs and Functions esophagus - conduit that passes nutrients from mouth to stomach, Organs and Functions small intestine - aids in digestion & absorption - mixes with secretions from the gall bladder & pancreas - divided into three segments- duodenum, jejunum & ileum, Gastrointestinal System Care, Assessment abdomen - inspect all four quadrants - contour, shape, symmetry, skin color - check for masses, scars, stomas, peristaltic waves, lesions, & venous pattern - auscultate with stethoscope to assess bowel sounds - percuss - detects lesions, fluid or gas & underlying abdominal structures (Masses, tumors & fluid are dull) - palpate abdomen for masses or tenderness - never palpate a mass that is pulsating, Assessment mouth - teeth - cavities, abscess, poor fitting dentures, missing teeth - tongue - moist/dry - gums - gingivitis - sores in mouth - ability to swallow, Assessment health history - elimination pattern, usual stool characteristics, routines, use of artificial aids, cognitive capacity, changes in appetite & weight, surgeries, type of diet, fluid intake, medications, emotional history, mobility, exercise, abdominal discomfort, social history, Gastrointestinal System Assessment, Organs and Functions stomach - stores food & liquid - mixes food with liquid and gastric digestive juices - controls emptying of its contents into small intestine