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Metabolism, 1 Cal=heat to raise 1 kg by 1degC =1 kcal=1000 cal=4.2 kJ Indirect calorimetry measure O2 consumption RQ=CO2 produced/O2 consumed RQ=1->all carb RQ=.71->all fat otherwise a mixture ignore protein, but usually 15% of intake, Fed vs. Fasting Fasting (post-absorptive) major E source-free FAs from TGs -transported on albumin, not VLDLs -brain, RBCs still need glucose-B-B barrier, no mito -from liver gluconeogenesis&glyc -with E from fatty acids liver only partially ox's FAs to ketone bodies, Fed vs. Fasting Fed (post-prandial) AAs for protein synth -most AA cata in liver -mm. oxidizes br'd chain AAs, Homeostasis- total body composition unchanged over time body weight-caloric intake should = expend. Nitrogen-> intake=excreted 60, 50g/day -neg balance- dietary N<excreted -cata. stress, wasting, inadequate diet -pos. balance- growth, preg, lactation, recovery Glucose-> blood sugar~ 90-115 mg/dL Hy Hypoglycemia-release hors -break down liver glycogen -from panc. insulinoma (too much insulin) Hyperglycemia-release insulin -uptake glu by organs -store gly in mm., liver -convert glu to fat, adipocytes -type I diabetes mellitus-no insulin made -type II-tissues insulin resistant, Adipose tissue~15% water 3500 Cal/lb Muscle~80% water 364Cal/lb Glycogen stored in both More glyc. stores in mm. than liver More concen. glyc. but MAJOR STORE IS TGs, Limited storage of carbs as glycogen in muscle, liver No protein stores, some mm. labile excess of each->fat for storage ???? mm. w/ lots of mobilizable pros -highest glycogen store liver w/ even stores, slightly more fat adipose-mostly fat, obvi, 1. Hydrolyze large molecs to building blocks starch, glycogen->glucose-soluble triacyglycerol->fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerols protein->AAs-soluble 2. Convert these to 2-C units of acetyl CoA via: glycolysis, beta-oxidation, deamination ox. 3. Oxidize ace CoA to CO2, H2O via ETC, oxphos -in mito, O2 req'd, generates ATP oxidation at stages 2, 3, so ATP produced then -removal of e- w/ H+, e- to O2 from ETC ATP trends Lots of ATP->shut down cata pathways ->activate ATP-using pathways, BMI=wt (kg)/ht (m)^2 =wt(lbs)/ht (in)^2 *705 ឃ underwight ᡑ overweight ᡖ obese ???? Lose ~3 yrs life for overwt ~6.5 yrs for obesity BMI at 30-49 yo predicts mortality after 50-69 location impt, apple vs. pear, measure O2 consumption RQ=CO2 produced/O2 consumed RQ=1->all carb RQ=.71->all fat otherwise a mixture ignore protein, but usually 15% of intake ???? REE-resting energy expenditure -at thermal neutrality, for invol work BMR-basal meta. rate -at ther. neut., fasted, rt. after awakening REE usually higher than BMR by %, major E source-free FAs from TGs -transported on albumin, not VLDLs -brain, RBCs still need glucose-B-B barrier, no mito -from liver gluconeogenesis&glyc -with E from fatty acids liver only partially ox's FAs to ketone bodies Ketone bodies oxidized mostly by mm. prolonged fast-brain can use more KBs, less glucose -mm. uses less KBs