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Bacteriology Intro, Gene transfer:high freq, NEW material -xformation-take up naked DNA -xduction-bac'phage xfers bac DNA -conjugation-in gram (-)-F+ to F- via TRA-transfer genes->pilus -self-rep plasmid -thus, can xfer other DNA too -mobilization-xfer other plasmid -F into chromosome->xfer chrom -xposition Transduction -lysogenic->induction->lytic -integrate DNA into genome -or just lytic (rep, assembly, lysis) Generalized-random pkging->lytic cycle Specialized-imperfect excision of lysogenized -parts of NL w/ toxin-infect all targets -more common, Basic Bacteriology Structure Cellular Envelope -cell wall-gram(+) or (-) -cell membrane -glycocalyx-capsule/slime layer -capsule-'K antigen'-polysacc -antiphagocytic -fimbriae (pili), pilus-adhesion -sex pilus-conjugation -flagella-'H Ag'-polar, peritrichous -endospores-protect from env -survive for decades in soil -hard to kil-Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae In NL FLora -Escherichia -Klebsiella -Enterobacter Always -> infx -Salmonella -Shigella -Yersinia -Proteus Characteristics Gram (-) Rods LPS (endotoxin) Capsules (K) Peritrichous Flagella (H) Phase Variation Antimicrobial resistance, Basic Bacteriology Pathogenic Mechs Toxins-Endotoxin-all gram(-) -Exotoxin-gram+or-:cholera, dipth,LT,ST,etc. Host cell invasion- -Attachment-pili/flag,teichoic acid -Enzymes-urease,mucinase,hyaluronidase, catalase, coagulase,, Basic Bacteriology Growth/Metabolism Binary Fission Doubling times-min (E.coli), d-wk(M.leprae) Phases-Lag, Exponential, Stationary, Death, Basic Bacteriology Virulence Pathogenic Mechs Tissue destruction -streptolysin, hyaluronidase, streptokinase Toxin release- Endotoxin -Exotoxin-Diphth, Clostridial, Heat Stable Superantigen Release, Gene transfer:high freq, NEW material -xformation-take up naked DNA -xduction-bac'phage xfers bac DNA -conjugation-in gram (-)-F+ to F- via TRA-transfer genes->pilus -self-rep plasmid -thus, can xfer other DNA too -mobilization-xfer other plasmid -F into chromosome->xfer chrom -xposition Transposition Transposons=jumping genes -move along same chrom, to diff chrom, or from chrom to plasmid Transposase-recombination enzyme -3 types-insertion seqs-IS-gene inactivation -complex/composite-IS + toxin/Antibx resis -Conjugative, Phage-w/ Tra genes -put plasmid into DNA into another plasmid, Gram(+)-blue/purple -thick peptidoglycan(PG) -degraded w/ lysozyme -teichoic acid-covalent link to PG -facilitate attachment -lipoteichoic acid-anchor to ... -can be shed like weak endotoxin -cytoplasmic membrane-lipid bilayer Peptidoglycan Polysacch polymer-alternating NAG, NAM Tetrapeptide on NAM b/w diamino/Lys(3),D-Ala(4) -sometimes pentaglycine bridge b/w 2 tetras, Basic Bacteriology Virulence Contact of Pathogen w/ Host -Endogenous-in NL flora -Exogenous-environmental flora, trauma -Route:surface, inhale, inoculate, ingest -inoculum size can differ, Basic Bacteriology Growth/Metabolism Can be obligate aerobes-TCA cycle -or ob. anaerobes-fermentation -or facultative-either one