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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: nother herniated, repetitive bending or lifting involving a twisting motion prolonged sitting, CT of the spine may reveal disk protrusion or a related pathologic condition., prolonged sitting The most common site of disk herniation is at the L5-S1 interspace in the lumbosacral region., Treatments Discectomy, Risk/Causative Factors smoking, This structure is held together by the anterior longitudinal ligament, which is anterior to the vertebral bodies, and the posterior longitudinal ligament, which is posterior to the vertebral bodies and anterior to the spinal cord. The muscles of the trunk provide additional support., Sciatic nerve test: Examiner extends and raises pt's leg until pain is elicited then lowers leg to a comfortable level, PAIN localized to the lower back and gluteal area, Signs and Symptoms herniated nucleus pulposus @ L4-5, may reveal disk protrusion or a related pathologic condition. Disk protrusion - Localized bulging with damage of some annular fibers, Nomenclature specific to lumbar disk disease is as follows: Disk extrusion - Extended bulge with loss of annular fibers, but disk remains intact, PAIN located bilaterally at the posterior belt line, Tests MRI, Signs and Symptoms PAIN, Risk/Causative Factors above average height, The intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers and are found between the bodies of the vertebrae. They have a central area composed of a colloidal gel, called the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, the annulus fibrosis., PAIN radiates down the leg, particularly below the level of the knee, Tests Lab, PAIN parsthesia "pins and needles", Discectomy herniated nucleus pulposus @ L4-5