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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Case-control studies, sample of cases with disease recruit incident cases i.e. cases newly presenting with disease, incident cases i.e. cases newly presenting with disease not prevalent cases, selection & identification show be a representative sample of the population, CONTROLS must not have the disease being investigated at the time the case arose, CONTROLS affected by selection & identification, Advantages include results can be obtained faster as htere's no need to wait for the disease to develop, CONTROLS must be a representative sample of the population, incidence of disease within the population cannot be calculated as case-control studies are not based on defined populations, potential cases e.g. admission to hospital treatment of the disease is inevitable, sample of cases with disease determined by source, Case-Control Studies compares ppl with disease, Case-Control Studies have Disadvantages, neither absolute nor relative risk can be calculated as the sample was specifically designed to include an equal number of cases and controls but can derive approximation of the relative risk, Case-Control Studies have Advantages, Disadvantages rely on retrospective data, which has its own inherent prbs, selection & identification show sample of cases with disease, potential cases identify unbiased source of cases, Odds Ratio giving A × D ÷ B × C, Case-Control Studies compares ppl without disease, CONTROLS should not be replaced or discarded for any reason other than they fail to meet the selection criteria