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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Pain Management and CRI, PAIN MANAGEMENT INVOLVES INFLAMMATION, NSAIDs Types of NSAIDs Salicylates - eg. Aspirin, Type of surgical procedure differs with After major surgery, Pre-emptive Pain Scoring System ???? Moderate Pain, Aspirin is an analgesic, fever reducer, anti-inflammatory, and a reducer of platelet aggregation Aspirin must be used with caution in cats because they can’t metabolize it as fast as other species If used on a cat, Aspirin is given in lower dosages less frequently conplications The use of Aspirin by animal owners may lead to a toxicity levels which rise over time Signs of salicylate toxicity include: Gastrointestinal problems Anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea Respiratory problems Panting Neurological problems Restlessness, anxiety, seizures Bleeding problems Kidney failure, Steroids Example Glucocorticoid Use and effects, Management of postoperative pain includes general guildlines of surgery, Flunixin meglumine about Inhibits cyclooxygenase Used in cattle and horses (most common) for musculoskeletal and colic pain Is a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Extereme caution in small animals, NSAIDs Types of NSAIDs Propionic acid derivatives, Using drugs concerning NSAID's, A mechanism-based approach involves Synergistic Decreased potential for adverse reactions Effective E.g NSAID - decrease transduction Local Block - stops transmission Opiod and Alpha 2 agonist- decrease modulation, Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis Phenylbutazone is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain Phenylbutazone (“bute”) Frequently used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain. ad info Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies, Supportive therapy includes Soft bedding, Management of postoperative pain includes Avoid social isolation, Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis Phenylbutazone is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain Phenylbutazone (“bute”) Frequently used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain. ad info Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals, Management of postoperative pain includes Preemptive analgesia, Supportive therapy includes Warm environment, NSAIDs side effects The side effects associated with the use of NSAIDs are related to their non-specific inhibition of COX enzymes. The constitutively expressed COX-1 has many functions within the normal body, and suppression of these may lead to adverse reactions., Inhibits cyclooxygenase Used in cattle and horses (most common) for musculoskeletal and colic pain Is a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Extereme caution in small animals more info used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock, Deracoxib (Deramaxx) are indicated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and postoperative pain and inflammation due to orthopedic surgery and dental surgery in dogs. Do NOT use in cats. side effects The most common side effects of Deracoxib involve digestive issues such as vomiting and decrease appetite. Other possible side effects of Deracoxib include: Change in bowl movements (diarrhea, or black, tarry or bloody stools) Change in behavior (decreased or increased activity level, incoordination, seizure, or aggression) Jaundice (yellowing of gums, skin or whites of eyes) Increase water consumption or urination changes (frequency, color, or smell) Seizure Skin irritation (redness, scabs, or scratching) Stomach pain Stomach ulcers Unexpected weight loss