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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: pain, Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis Phenylbutazone is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain Phenylbutazone (“bute”) Frequently used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain. ad info Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies, NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which has two forms which are Cox-2 is involved with inflammation, NSAIDs Types of NSAIDs Fenamates, Drugs of the NSAID class should not be used concurrently as the potential for the aforementioned side effects increases. For similar reasons, NSAIDS should not be used in conjunction with corticosteroid hormones such as prednisone, dexamethasone, ???? more info, Pyrazolone derivatives about Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis Phenylbutazone is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain Phenylbutazone (“bute”) Frequently used in equine medicine for musculoskeletal pain., The side effects associated with the use of NSAIDs are related to their non-specific inhibition of COX enzymes. The constitutively expressed COX-1 has many functions within the normal body, and suppression of these may lead to adverse reactions. more info Because of these issues, the use of COX-2 selective drugs is desirable. These include carprofen, meloxicam and nimesulide, Inhibits cyclooxygenase Used in cattle and horses (most common) for musculoskeletal and colic pain Is a potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory Extereme caution in small animals more info used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock, Antihistamines about Antihistamines counteract the effect of histamine (histamine cause bronchoconstriction and inflammatory changes) Antihistamines compete with histamine for receptor sites (H1 receptors constrict smooth muscles and H2 receptors increase gastric secretions) H1 blockers are used to treat pruritus, laminitis, motion sickness, anaphylactic shock, and some upper respiratory conditions, commonly used in farm and equine practice limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity, NSAIDs M.O. A NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which has two forms, The side effects associated with the use of NSAIDs are related to their non-specific inhibition of COX enzymes. The constitutively expressed COX-1 has many functions within the normal body, and suppression of these may lead to adverse reactions. more info Gastro-intestinal prostaglandins (for example, PGI2 and PGE2) normally have a protective influence over the gastric mucosa, by inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid and promoting that of mucus. NSAID inhibition of COX-1 function leads to the reduced synthesis of these prostaglandins, causing ulceration of the gastro-intestinal tract. Lesions of the large intestine have also been demonstrated following the use of phenylbutazone in the horse. Although NSAIDs are normally absorbed in the stomach, phenylbutazone may bind to feed and become released in this more distal area of the tract resulting in ulceration., Management of postoperative pain includes general guildlines of surgery, NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which has two forms which are Cox-1 is involved with the stomach, Inactivates superoxide radicals produced by inflammation Is also able to penetrate skin and serve as a carrier of other drugs (may cause burning) Must use caution when applying (gloves) eg. DMSO, synotic, Inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 without interfering with the protective cyclooxygenase-1 Examples include deracoxib and meloxicam (one time SQ injection either prior to sx. Or post op pain in cats) Side effect include anorexia, vomiting, and lethargy more info Meloxicam is generally given to control arthritis pain in dogs though can be given for many other painful conditions such as injuries, cancer, surgery, dental infections, and more, Inhibit cyclooxygenase Are analgesics and anti-inflammatories drug info Meclofenamate is used to treat acute and chronic inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, including soft-tissue injury, bone and joint pathology and laminitis. It is thought to be particularly useful in chronic problems of the hoof, including navicular syndrome and laminitis. Because meclofenamate has a slow onset of full clinical action, other NSAIDs are used more commonly to treat colic or to reduce fevers. Recent research has investigated the use of meclofenamate in embryo-transfer programs to improve conception rates when the synchronization of the recipient mares is not within the ideal window., Fenamates about Inhibit cyclooxygenase Are analgesics and anti-inflammatories, Management of postoperative pain includes Sterile technique, Immunomodulators about Immunomodulation is the adjustment of the immune system to a desired level. Immunosuppression is reducing the immune response. Cyclosporine (Atopica®) is one of the most effective immunosuppressant agents available. Suppresses T-lymphocyte activity Anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic properties Developed for atopic dermatitis in dogs Must treat bacterial and fungal infections before use, NSAIDs Types of NSAIDs Salicylates - eg. Aspirin