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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Heart Rate variability, G Preiss, C Polosa Patterns of sympathetic neuron activity associated with Mayer waves Am J Physiol, 226 (1974), pp. 724–730 ???? Parasympatetic influence, Lambert 2008 Am J Heart Pop:The Twin Heart Study CRP en IL-6 strongly correlated with ULF & VLF RAAS, Temp, Catech, changes physic activity, The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies The reciprocal relationship between LF and HF power when they are normalized or expressed as a ratio makes them dubious indices, The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies the expression of the LF component of HRV is most likely to be determined mainly by the parasympathetic nervous system. Baroreflex control of HR may play an important role in this (Saul et al., 1991). The baroreflex continuously adjusts HR to blood pressure fluctuations through changes in vagal efferent activity (Reyes del Paso et al., 1996; Wesseling & Settles, 1985)., chronotrophic effector surface in humans (Berntson Cacioppo,Quigley 1993 psy bull) geeft in mensen <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> f </mtext> <mtext> ij </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> =β-230∙ </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> S </mtext> <mtext> i </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> +1.713∙ </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> P </mtext> <mtext> j </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> + </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> I </mtext> <mtext> ij </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> +ε </mtext> </mrow> </math>, In their pioneering study on dogs, Akselrod et al. (1981) found that the parasympatholytic agent glycopyrrolate eliminated HRV above 0.06 Hz and markedly reduced spectral power below this value. Sympathetic blockade with propranolol tended to inconsistently diminish HRV around 0.04 Hz, whereas selective blockade of the renin-angiotensin system increased variability in this range. Summarizing animal research, Akselrod et al. (1985) concluded that lower frequency fluctuations (below 0.10 Hz) are mediated by both sympathetic and vagal influences, whereas higher frequency fluctuations are controlled solely by the parasympathetic system. low frequency is not sympathetic but mix mostly para, Heart Rate Valentini 2009 Progress in Cardiovascular diseases key variables influencing heart rate Nonmodifiable: Age, race, sex decrease in max heart rate w/ age. decrease in resting heart rate 0.13/y Women consistenly higher restin heart rate. Physiologic determinants, influence of circadian cycle, posture, blood pressure, lifestule factors: physical activity during sleep approx 14 beats lower from supine to standing increase of 30-35% stabilizing at 15-30% heart rate progressively increases with systolic and diastolic pressur. (linear relation) subjects can not be unequivocally classified as hyper-, hypo-, or normoreactors based on application of a single laboratory stressor., Parasympatetic influence HF (0.15-0.4Hz) HRV relates to respiration Akselrod et al 1981, Lack of regular physical exercise is associated with reduced cardiovascular parasympathetic function and increased sympathetic activity in sedentary individuals (6,26). Prolonged bed rest also has pronounced effects on autonomic nervous system balance, with documented increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity (8). exercise, Effect of circadian profile on ANS Huikuri 1994, Peckova 1998 RAAS, Temp, Catech, changes physic activity, To solve differences between people in physiolog reactions Pattern classification analysis: Christie & Friedman 2004 Kreibig, Wilhem Roth GRoss 2007 Cluster analysis: Allen et al 91 Speisman et al 1961 Stephens, chistirie & Friedman 2010 mechanisms underlying changes in heart rate Berntson et al 1994 cacioppo 1994 cacioppo et al 1994 Backs 1998, 2001 Johannes & Salnitski 2004 Johannes et al 2008 resulting in autonomic response patterns Johannes et al 1994, 2003 obscure blaadjes: aviakosm i ecolog med. aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologischeskaya nogwat., The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies Atropine administration was followed by HRV decrease in all three frequency bands The administration of the b1-blocker showed only slight effects on HRV. During task execution HRV increased somewhat. This is consistent with former observations that b-blockers may raise vagal activity and overall HRV (Reyes del Paso, Langewitz, Robles, & Pérez, 1996; Taylor et al., 1998), Aerobic training on baroreflex sensitivity ( Iellamo 200, Niemela 2008, Pagani 1988. Somers 1991) The baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex is one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure. It provides a negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively causes heart rate to decrease and also causing blood pressure to decrease; likewise, decreased blood pressure activates the baroreflex, causing heart rate to increase, and also causing an increase in blood pressure., immuun Lambert 2008 Am J Heart Pop:The Twin Heart Study CRP en IL-6 strongly correlated with ULF & VLF, mental stress exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to social stressors Suls and wan 1993 Psychophysiology, The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies Finally, it is necessary to take into account the fact that although HRV is mainly modulated by vagal influences, it does not follow directly that HRV can be taken as an index of vagal tone., the expression of the LF component of HRV is most likely to be determined mainly by the parasympathetic nervous system. Baroreflex control of HR may play an important role in this (Saul et al., 1991). The baroreflex continuously adjusts HR to blood pressure fluctuations through changes in vagal efferent activity (Reyes del Paso et al., 1996; Wesseling & Settles, 1985). low frequency is not sympathetic but mix mostly para, exercise increase in HR during exercise primarily due parasymp w/draw Borresen 2008 Sports Med, 36 Robinson et al 1966 Circ Res., 37 Yamamoto et al. 1991 j Appl Physiol, exercise ANS function has been found to be restored to the baseline levels after several hours following high intensity aerobic exercise (Furan et al 1993, Huatala et al 2001), exercise Serrador 1999