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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Untitled 1, drug-O-X phase 1 drug-OH, first-pass metabolism activated mostly in liver, drug metabolism factors lipophilic, age in elderly oxidative CYP reactions decline, drug metabolism in the liver first-pass metabolism, Phase 2: OH to O-gluconurate is inhibition not really due to high activity, drug metabolism can be activated toxic agents can be activated, parquat in redox cycle when reduced creates toxic superoxide materials, oseltamivir for flu delivered as esterase esterases in liver active oseltamivir, Phase 2: OH to O-gluconurate is a sulfation reaction, phase 1: O-X to OH include cytochrome P450, cytochrome P450 reaction adds one atom of oxygen in place of N or S to drug substrate;, drug-OH phase 2 terminates drug action, need more frequent dosing because low half-lives, cytochrome P450 inhibitors grapefruit juice (dihydroxybergamotin), drug-O-glucuronate, a water-soluble metabolite water soluble excreted, cytochrome P450 reaction dealkylation, need more frequent dosing because renal clearance high, competitive inhibition of P450 by two drugs ex -azole drugs binds to heme at catalytic site, hydrophilic not bound to albumin large amount filtered; no reabsorbed